Treatment of oils and waxes



No lilo-swing.

end animal oils end wastes and compounded oils of the class consisting of. minersl oils compounded with an oil-soluble sdditlvesubstnnce.

This application is n'continuution in port oi 'my pending opplicetion Serial No. elects, filed tember 23, lost, for Treatment of veseteble iotty substsnces.

All fatty substances and perticuierly vegetable and animal oils and waxes and compounded oils of the class consisting of minersl oils compounded with an oil soluble additive 'subste ere subject to more or less deterioration when to air. moistureyor other agents which cause contamination such as results from the to tion of the products of oxidation hydrolysis, merization, etc., as well as contention by solid materials in suspension, and by liquid substances both in polyphase mixtures and solution.

An object of my invention is directed to the treatment and purification of a fatty substance of, the class. consisting of vegetable and animal oils and waxes by subjecting, the fatty substance to a process utilizing a combined action oi udsorption and distillation.

Another object of my invention is directed to the process oi re-reg contaminated or used vegetable and animal iatty substances of the class consisting of oil and waxes to render e in a state of purification.

Another object of my invention is directed to the process of purifying a contaminated or used fatty substance of the class consisting of vegetable and animal oils and waxes by subjecting dpnllcetion November S lilo. 329,595

some to a re-reflning process utilizing is combined table and animal oils end waxes by subjecting some to a re-reflning process utilizing the combined action of adsorption and distillation, wherein the distillation is carried out at a. tempera- .ture in the range oi the incipient otroplc distillation point of the constituents comprising the vegetable and animal substance.

Another object of my invention is directed to the process of purifying a contaminated or used fatty substance of the class consisting of vegetable endanimel oils and wanes by subjecting 2,401,339 rATENr 0% one AND WAXES er Heights, Ohio, assign-.- 1563MB, to Buckeye Laboratllevelsnd. (bills, at corporewherein the distillation is curried out at o tempereture determined by the incipient aseotropic distillation point of the constituents comprising the vegetable and enimei substance.

Another object of my invention is directed to a process for purifying e contomiuoted or used ietty substance of the class consisting. oi vegetable and animal oils end wexes wherein the process does not desnsse or materially change the characteristics of the vegetable or animal oils or waxes being purified.

Another object of my invention is the process ofipuriiying s. conteminnted. or used fatty substance of the class consisting of vegetable and animal oils and waxes under conditions to give u maximum yield and yet obtain a, good purified product.

Another object of my invention is directed to the treatment and purification oi e compounded oi] oi the class consisting of mineral oil compounded with an oil-soluble additive substance by'subjecting the compounded oil to a, process utilizing a combined action of adsorption and distillation.

Another object of my invention is directed to the process of re-rflning contaminated or used compounded oils of the'class consisting of mineral oils compounded with an oil-soluble additive substance to render some in a state or purification.

Another object of my invention is directed to the process of purifying the contaminated or used compounded oil 0! the class consisting of mineral oils compounded with an oil-soluble additive substance by subjecting some to a re-reflning process utilizing a combined action oi adsorption nnd distillation, wherein the high boiling point or substantially non-volatile impurities or undesirable constituents are removed by adsorption and the low'boiling point volatile impurities or undesirable constituents are removed by distillation.

Another object of myinvention is directed to the process of purifying a contaminated or used compounded oil of the class consisting of mineral 4 oil compounded with an oil soluble additive subsome to a re-reflning process utilizing the comvbincd action oi adsorption and distillation,

stance by subjecting same to a. re-r efining process utilizing the combined action of adsorption and, distillation, wherein the distillation is carried out at a temperature in the range of the incipient ezeotropic distillation point of the constituents comprising the compounded oils.

Another object of my invention is directed t0 the process or purifying a contaminated or used compounded oil or the class consisting of minersloil compounded with on oil soluble additive substance by subjecting the some to a. re-reflning process utilizing the combined action of adsorption and distillation, wherein the distillation is 39 carried out at a temperature determined by the 3 incipient azeotropic distillation point of the constituents comprising the compounded oil.

Another object of my invention is directed to a process for purifying a contaminated or used compounded oil of the class consisting of mineral oil compounded with an oil soluble additive substance wherein the process does not damage or materially change the characteristics of the compounded oil being purified or the oil soluble additive substance therein.

Another object of my invention is the process of purifying a contaminated or used compounded oil of the class consisting of mineral oil compounded with an oil soluble additive substance under conditions to give a maximum yield and yet obtain a good purified product.

The term contaminated" as used herein and also in the claims means an oil or wax which is unfit'or unsatisfactory for a specific purpose.

Other objects and a fuller understanding of my invention may be had by referring to the follOWing description and claims.

In carrying out my process, the contaminated or used oil or wax to be treated is transferred to a suitable reaction vessel or container which is equipped with a mechanical agitator and which is arranged to be evacuated by any suitable means. The reaction vessel or container is also arranged to be heated for. the purpose of carrying out the process. In other words, the reaction vessel or container comprises a retort provided with a mechanical agitator and is connected to a condensate receiver to carry out fractional or partial: distillation involved in the re-reflning process. To the contaminated or used oil or wax being treated I add a supply of solid adsorbent material in the retortor steel container. The amount of the'solid adsorbent material which is added to the retort chamber may vary with the particular type or the quantity of the oil or wax being treated and the process should be carried out with a suficient amount of solid adsorbent material to effectively adsorb all of the adsorbable impurities in the contaminated or used oil or wax being treated. The solid adsorbent material may comprise bone char, carbon black, fullers earth, etc. The combined mixture of the contaminated or used oil or wax being treated and the adsorbent material is vigorously agitated by mechanical means in the retort under a vacuum preferably in the range of 28 inches to 30 inches of mercury as referred to a 30 inch barometer at sea level. In addition to the. adsorbent material, an aqueous medium may be added in the form of water or steam as a sweeping agent.

Generally speaking, all oils and waxes are mixtures of various hydrocarbons or of fatty acids, glycerides or other esters. As such,.they possess the property of ideal solutions obeying Raoults Law and Henry's Law and are governed by the laws of distillation which apply to azeotropic mixtures. In the re-reflning process comprising the combination ofadsorption and distillation, I have found that the most satisfactory combination of property, color and yield is obtained when the oil or wax being treated is held at a tem-' perature at which azeotropic distillation of the mixture begins as evidenced by a collection of distillates in the distillate receiver that is to say, at a temperature at which the first initial fraction of the oil or wax begins to distill off under the conditions of operation. This temperature at which the first initial fraction of the oil or wax begins to distill off will be referred to herein F. beyond the incipient azeotropic distillation point of the constituents of the oil or wax in its finally treated state and includes an elevated temperature in the range of the incipient azeotropic distillation point of the constituents of the oil or wax in its finally treated state and preferably embraces a range approximately 100 F. on either side of the incipient azeotropic distillation point of the constituents of the oil or wax in its finally treated state.

The treatment at temperatures in excess of approximately 100 F. beyond the incipient azeotropic distillation point-leads to discoloration of the final product and also reduces the yield because of the losses by distillation of the oils and waxes. The treatment at temperatures less than 100 F. below the incipient azeotropic distillation point gives a satisfactory yield but a sufficiently high degree of purification is not obtained because the maximum effect of the adsorbent is not attained in this low range of temperature.

The mechanical agitation or stirring of the combined mixture of the contaminated or used oil or wax being treated and the adsorbent material in the sealed container brings all of the constituents thereof in close intimate physical contact and the adsorbent material thereby adsorbs the high boiling point impurities or contaminants of the oil or waxes being treated which are substantially non-volatile under the conditions of operation. The heating of the retort drives off substantially all of the low boiling point volatile impurities by distillation. The final mass in the retort after the heating and stirring is finished is then removed from the retort and fil tered by any suitable means. The filtering separates the adsorbent material with the adsorbed impurities from the oil or wax being treated to recover the oil or wax. The filter also removes any solid particles originally present in the contaminated or used oil or'wax being treated.

For efllcient operation, the time of the agitation may vary from 15 minutes to one hour or more depending upon the temperatures employed in the re-reflning process, the amount of the adsorbent material em loyed, and the degree to which the oil or wax as been contaminated. The process may also be continuous or intermittent.

In considering the degree of purification or the quality of oils and waxes, it is to be noted that in the case of fatty oils and waxes, greatest importance is attached to saponiiication value, acid value and iodine value, whereas in the case of compounded oils of predominating mineral oil composition, the most important characteristics are generally neutralization value, flash and fire points, viscosity and the analytical determination of the quantity of the oil soluble additive substance with which the mineral oil is compounded. Another factor usually considered significant is the color of the treated product, both from the aspect of physical appearance which is of commercial importance and also since the appear- 2,401.,sso

once may indicate the presence or absence or appreciable quandties of oxidation or other prodducts foreign to the normal characteristics of the oil or war: which has been treated. Tables are given below showing the properties oi several oils and wastes subjected to a treatment utilizing a combined process of adsorption and distillation under vacuum and at diflerent temperatures. The oils and waxes are grouped into three classes; namely, (i) vegetable oils and waxes, (2) animal oil and waxes, and (3) compounded oils of the class consisting or mineral oils compounded with an oil soluble additive substance. Under the group of vegetable oils and waxes, I have selected coconut oil, palmoiland soybean oil; under the group of animal oils and waxes I have selected yellow grease, lard oil and sperm oil; and under the group of compounded oils 1 have selest-ed mineral oil compounded with lard oil, mineral oil compounded with a sulfur compound and mineral oil compounded with a sulfur and chlorine compound. The selected oils and waxes are widely used in industry and commerce.

The Tables 1, ill and HI hereinafter set forth give the result on a series of re-reilning opera- .tions for three representatives of the class conslsting of vegetable oils and waxes.

In Table i are given the results on a series of re-reiining operations made on coconut oil at the sheets were observedinsoiar as refining was con-' earned, and in addition, the yields of product were greatly diminished.

The second table gives the results of a similar series of tests conducted on a greatly contaminated sample of palmoil. This oil had been used in the cold rolling oi steel strip, and contained a. considerable quantity of soluble metalloorganic compounds, as evidenced the high amount of metal oxides found in the ash from the samples. As before, substantially identical proportions of adsorbent were used in the treatments at various temperatures and the time and vacuum were substantially constant at the same value as for Table I. The first column gives the normal characteristics of well-refined palmoil, and the second column gives the characteristics of the contaminated oil before being subjected to the re-refining process.

Taste I Coconut oil T Normal Oririnal empemmm wag sample 200 F 225 F. 250 F. 300 F. 350 F. 400 F 450 F.

1.5 1.1 1.8 2.1 3.7 c2 a0 a1 253- 215 I 249 254 256 245 244 235 286 34 ii 56 l 1% lodlno No 8.2-l0.0 l0.8 10.] 9.6 8.3 8.0 7.2 6.6 4.9 Condensate ior azeotropic distillation -.peroen 0 0 .33 .67 1.0 1.7 0.0

Yield of product ..do..-. 94 92 91 90 84 66 temperatures shown in the column headings. In every case the treatment was carried out for a period of minutes with substantially identical proportions of adsorbent, and under substantially identical conditions of vacuum which was maintained at substantially 29.75 inches of mercury. The difference in temperatures noted were the only variables. In the first column are given the normal characteristics of the refined oil, as determined from a standard work of reference. The second column gives the characteristics for the contaminated oil before being subjected to the re-refining process. The oil being treated had become contaminated or was incompletely refined, and was considered to be unfit for the purpose i'or which it had been intended, namely, that of making a liquid soap which was intended to completely clear and transparent.

point, a satisfactory degree or improvement was,

not obtained.

Table III showsv the results obtained when a series or re-rei'ining treatments were carried out at various temperatures on a sample oi soybean Tam: II

' Palmoil Normal char- Original 2 acwflmcs sample 200 F 250 F aoo F 350 F 400 F 460 F 24. 6 23. 9 22. 8 23. 0 23. 3 2i. 7 24. 4 193 195 198 198 198 190 203 Black Black Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown 55.7 55.6 0 54.6- s 53.2 0 50.4 As .per 3. 45 3. 24 2. 9i 2. 49 2. 27 1.96 l. 04 Condensate for azeotropic distillation .do- 0 0 2 7 1.0 l. 5 Yield of product .e. 0.-.. 95 04 87 82. 78

oil which was contaminated by being left in open containers and allowed free access to the atmosphere. The first column shows the usual properties of normal well-refined soybean oil as given in a standard reference work. The second column the differences in temperature noted were the tillation of fatty products was involved, the results of the re-reflning process were unsatisfactory. giving a yield which is uneconomically low. and a product which diflers substantially from new well-refined oil in chemical characteristics and color. The range of operation for satisfactory results embraces approximately 100 F. on either side of the incipient azeotropic distillation point of the contsituents of the fatty substance in its finally treated state. For cocoanut oil the range is approximately 150 F. to 350 F.; for palmoil, 200 F. to 400 F., and for soybean oil 250 F. to 450 F.

only variables. Th Tables IV, V and VI hereinafter set forth TABLE III Soybean oil Normal char- Original s o Mam sample 200 F. 260 1-. 300 F. 350 F. 400 r. 450 F.

1.3 1.2 1.4 2.2 5.2 10.1 198 191 190 202 203 20s 1% 1- 1- 1 1 2 130.1 130.0 128.8 125.1 122. 3 118.0 0 0 o .2 .3 .15 us as 00 as so 15 Maximum yields of a product completely satisfactory in all respects was obtained at these temperatures where the smallest amounts of products of the distillation of azeotropic mixtures of fatty subtsances in the soybean oil were Obtained; namely, approximately at 350 F. At temperatures much less than that, the product was unsatisfactory from the standpoint of purification.

On the other hand, where the temperatures employed were greatly in excess of. the incipient azeotropic distillation point, a grave deterioration of the product was noted. and yields were correspondingly low.

Consideration of the results of the three examples given above has shown that in every instance there was a well defined temperature range for best results. and this coincided with the temperature at which distillation commenced of the.

azeotropic mixtures of fatty compounds entering into the composition of the vegetable oils bein treated. When low temperatures were employed, that is, temperatures at which no azeotropic distillation could occur under the conditions of operation, I have found that in nearly all cases an insufiicient degree of re-reilning was obtained and that although some degree of improvement give the results on a series of re-reiining operations for three representatives of the class consisting of animal oils and waxes. In Table IV are given the results on a series of re-refining operations made on yellow grease at the temperatures shown in the column headings. Yellow grease is a technical and accepted designation for a fat obtained from the carcasses of hogs not suitable for utilization as a food. This substance is widely used in the manufacture of soap and.

lubricating greases. -As explained with reference to the tables for vegetable oils. substantially identical proportions of adsorbent were used in the treatment of the samples at the temperatures noted. Substantially identical conditions of vacuum were maintained at a value of substantially 29.75 inches of mercury and the time of treatment was held constant in each case at substantially 30 minutes. With the exception of the temperatures which were held constant at the values appearing at the head of each column the conditions of test were held constant for all of the results which arereported in Tables I, II and III. The first column gives the normal characteristics of commercial yellow grease. and the second column gives the characteristics of the contamiwas observed much better results were almost al- 0 nated yellow grease before being subjected to the ways obtained when the temperature was inre-refining process.

'Issu: IV Yellow grease Treatment tam rstures own-1 mm sample soo'r 250! 300! 325 F. 350F. 4oor 4110's.

Acid No-.. 1.1-.. 1.5.. 1.8 2.1. Ba .No. 10s 19s 10s 101. Co or Gray white. Yellowbrown. Light Lightbrowu.

lOWIl IodinsN e1. as.1s eaz ass cs1. Condensate for also- Nil Nil 0.1.-.. 0.15 0.3 0.8.... 1.0.

tropic distillation, gamut. Y ldtoi product, peras. 11s. 00..... as as so n.

creased to a point where incipient azeotropic distillation was noted. Similarly, I have discovered that where very high temperatures were used, that is to say. where a considerable degree of dis- The above tests show that the maximum yield of a product of excellent appearance and of desirable physical and chemical characteristics were obtained at those temperatures where azeotropic same values as for the preceding tables.

ries of tests conducted on a contaminated sample of lard oil at the temperatures shown in the column headings. Lard oil isa'iatty substance which is obtainedby expressing lard obtained from the carcasses of hogs. Some inferior grades of lard oil are obtained by expressing yellow grease as hereinbefore described. All grades of lard oil find a wide application in commerce and industry. The lower grades arernuch usedior 10 series oi re-reflning treatments were carried out at various temperatures on a sample of sperm oil which was contaminated. Sperm oil is one or the only two known liquid waxes; it contains substantially no glycerides, but consists chiefly of compound esters of fatty acids and monovalent alcohol, andis liquid at temperatures as low as 40 F. It is used as a lubricant for delicate mechanisms such as chronometers and aircraft instruments, since it resists oxidation from the oxygen in the atmosphere. The first column shows the usual properties of normal well-refined sperm oil as given in a standard reference work. [the second column gives the characteristics of the contaminated sperm oil. In each 01 the subsequent columns, the results are given of the treatment of this oilby a process of re-refining consisting of adsorption and distillation where the proportion of adsorbent and the time and the TABLE V Lard oil Normal L character- 200 F. cs0"? awn. sco F. 350w 400w.

istics Acid No 1.0-1.8. 3.4; 3.0... 2.8 2.5..-. 2.4.. 2.6.. 2.9. 8s .No... 193-200.. 194 196..---. i9? 198 188 199 200. C0 or Straw.-. Dsrkbrown Brown. Lightbrown Dark yellow.. Dari: yellow.. Lightbrown Llghtbrown. Iodine No 62-80.. 690... 68. 68. 67. 66.8. Condensate for azeotropic Nil 0.08 0.25 0.4 1.3 4.6. distillation ..per cent.. Yield ciprcduct do.. 9i 90 88. 85 80. 77.

the preparation or" industrial oil and lubricants. 3B vacuum are held substantially constant, the same As in the previous examples, substantitally identical proportions of adsorbent were used in the treatments at various temperatures and the time in the vacuum were substantiatlly constant at the The first column ives the normal characteristics of a well-refined lard oil and the second column gives the characteristics of the contaminated lard oil before being subiected to the re-refining precas in the preceding tables, and where the diflerences in temperature noted were the only variables.

The maximum yields of a product completely satisfactory in all respects was obtained at these temperatures where the smallest amount of product oi the distillation of azeotropic mixtures of fatty substances in the sperm oil were obtained; namely, approximately at 300 B. .At temperaess. d5 tures much less than that, the product was un- Tssm VI Sperm oil on m1 characg 18 200 F 250F. awr. awn. 350F 400F. tsristics p Acid No 12-15. 1s.7 11.5. 16.6 16.6 150.. .6 14.0., Sap. No 123.8. 124.0 125.3 126.5 27 27.8. Color Darkbrown Brown Brown Lightbrowm. Dark yellow.. Li ht Light town. brown. Iodine No 86.1 86.0.-... 85.7.. 85.6 85.3 85.0 84.6. Condensate for azeoti-opic Nil... Nil 0.05 0.18 0.63..- 2.4.

distillation "percent" Yieldoi product ..do 90 89 85 82 80 73.

As is ohserved from the above table, the best 00 satisfactory from the standpoint of purification.

yields of a product of greatly improved appearence and desirability were obtained. as in the preceding examples, at those temperatures where azeotropic distillation of the mixture of fatty substances in the lard oil began; namely, approximately 250 It. At temperatures greatly beyond this value. that is, below the incipient azeotropic distillation point, a desirable degree of purification was not obtained, while at temperatures greatly shove this value, the same edects were clcserved insofar as refining was concerned, and in addition, the yields of products were greatly diminished.

Table Vi shows the results obtained when a 7d peratures at which no azeotropic distillation 0n the other hand. where the temperatures em ployedwere greatly in excess of the incipient azeotropic distillation point an observable dete- 11 could occur under the conditions of operation, I have found that in nearly all cases an insultcient degree of re-reflning was obtained and that although some degree of improvement was ob- The Tables VII, VIII and IX give the results on a series of re-reflning operations made on compounded oils of group 3; namely, mineral oils compounded with lard oil, mineral oils comserved much better results were almost always pounded with oil soluble sulfur compound, and obtained when the temperature was increased tomineral oils compounded with oil soluble sulfur a point where incipient azeotropic distillation and chlorine compounds. These oils are comwas noted. Similarly, I have discovered that monlyused in the working or metal and are where very high temperatures were used, that usually referred to in the trade as cutting oils. is to say, where a considerable degree of distilla- 1 Thus the mineral oils compounded with lard oils tion of fatty products was involved, the results maybe referred to as lard cutting oils, mineral of the re-reflning process were unsatisfactory, oils compounded with an oil soluble sulfur comgiving a yield which is uneconomically low, and pound may be referred to as sulfur cutting oils, a product which diflers substantially from new and mineral oils compounded with oil soluble and well-refined oil in chemical characteristics and 15 chlorine compounds may be referred to as sulfur color. The range of operation for satisfactory and chlorine cutting oils. results embraces approximately 100 F. on either In Table VII are given the results on a series side of the incipient azeotropic distillation point of re-refining operations made on lard cutting of the constituents of the fatty substance in its oil at the temperatures shown in the column finally treated state. For yellow grease the range headings. In every case the treatment was caris approximately 200 F. to 400 F.: for lard oil, ried out for a period of 30 minutes with substan- 150 F. to 350 F. and for sperm oil, 200 F. to tially identical proportions of adsorbent and 400 F. under substantially identical conditions of Vac- The next or third group considered is one of uum which was maintained at substantially 29.75 the most important in industry. It has been inches of mercury. The differences in temperafound through the years that usually an oil contures noted were the only variables. In the sisting of a single component is not completely Table VII as well as in the Tables VIII and IX, suitable for many specific purposes, particularly no designation is made concerning the normal with the development of modern high-speed characteristics of the cutting oils for the reason heav duty machinery. For many purposes it is that the proportion of the oil soluble compound necessary to use an oil or lubricant compounded to the mineral hydrocarbon may vary to meet with ,a mineral hydrocarbon and a substance any particular application. The first column soluble in that hydrocarbontomaterially improve gives the characteristics for the contaminated or accentuate some desirable property. For excutting oil before being subjected to the re-refinample, it will be noted that modern Diesel engines ing process.

Test: VII

Lard cutting oil Original sample 200'!" 250F. 800! 325! 350% 400w.

Neutr. No Ssp.No Flash point F. Fire point, F.. C or Vis.S.U.V.atl00 2o Condensate for azeotropic distillation per cent-- Yield of product. .....do.

are usually lubricated with solutions of detergent materials in mineral oil of low carbon content. For metal working, cutting, broaching, and similar operations, it is usually necessary to use mineral oils compounded with fat, sulfur compound, chlorine compound, or mixtures of these compounds; and in man aircraft engine lubricants, it is desirable or necessary to use mineral oils containing in solution small amounts of oil soluble esters. such as the esters of oxidized petroleum products and certain phosphoric and phosphorous acids. I have found that the process herein described is suitable for the re-reiining of such compounded oils, and is a desirable and economical adjunct to the use of such compounded oils and lubricants, since many are relatively costly, and since their usefulness is limited by the extent to which deterioration may occur in service. I have also found that the conditions of re-refining may be so controlled that the adsorbent will not remov the oil-soluble active com pounds dissolved in the 011. That these conditions may be adequately defined and recognized, the following examples are given to show the limitations involved and the means by which I have defined them.

of desirable physical and chemical characteristicswere obtained at those temperatures where azeotropic distillation at the pressure utilized was beginning; namely, approximately at 300 F. At temperatures greatly below this value, that is, below the incipient azeotropic distillation point, a desirable degree of purification was not obtained. while at temperatures greatly above this value, the same effects were observed insofar as refining was concerned and in addition, the yields of products were greatly diminished.

- The Table VIII gives the results of a similar series of tests conducted on a contaminated sulfur cutting oil. As before, substantially identical proportions of adsorbent were used in the treatment at various temperatures and the time and vacuum were substantially constant at the same value as set forth in the previous table. The first column gives the characteristics of the contaminated sulfur cutting oil before being subjected to the re-refining process.

Tara: VIII Sulfur cutting oil s95: 390 3901 Dark brown. Dark brown. Vis. s. U. v. at 100 F 1a isa 150. Condensate for azeotropic distillation 8.8.

per cent Yield oi product -do. 78.

As evidenced by the retention of the oil soluble it been shown that in every instance there was a compound as indicated by the analytical deterwell defined temperature range for best results. mination of the sulfur content, the best yields and this coincided with the temperature at which of aproduct of greatly improved appearance and distillation commenced of the azeotropic mixdesirability were obtained at those temperatures tures of the hydrocarbon compounds entering where azeotropic distillation of the pressure utiinto the composition of the mineral oil which lized was beginning: namely, approximatel at constitutes the major constituents of the com- 250 F. At temperatures greatly below this value, pounded oils. When low temperatures were emthat is. below the incipient azeotropic distillation ployed, that is, temperatures at which no azeopoint. a desirable degree of purification was not tropic distillation could occur under the condiobtained. while at temperatures greatl above tions of operation, I hav found that in nearly this value, the same effects were observed insofar all case an insuflicient degree of re-refining was as re-refining was concerned, and in addition, obtained and that although some degree of imthe yields of products were greatly diminished. provement was observed muchbetter results were Table IX shows the results obtained when a almost always obtained when the temperature series of re-refining treatments were carried out so was increased to a point where incipient azeoat various temperatures on a sample of contamtropic distillation was noted Similarly, I have inated sulfur and chlorine cutting oil. The first discovered that where very high temperatures column gives the characteristics of the contamwere used, that is to say. where a considerable inated sulfur and chlorine cutting oil. In each degree 01' distillation of fatty products was inof the subsequent columns, the results are g'iven valved, the results of the re-reflning process were of the treatment of this cutting oil by a process unsatisfactory, giving a yield which is unecooi re-reflning consisting of adsorption and dis,- nomically low, and a product which diifers subtillation where the proportion of adsorbent and stantially from new well-refined oil in chemical the time and vacuum are held substantially concharacteristics and color. This is shown in the stant, the same a in the preceding tables, and Tables VII, VIII and IX by the loss of the oil where the differences in temperature noted were soluble active substance. The range of operathe only variables. tionfor satisfactory results embraces approxi- Taara B Sulfur and chlorine cutting oil 2352 1 200 is. 250 F. 21 r 300 r. 350 F. 400 F.

Neutr.No 5.4... 5.2 5.0. Suliur,peroent............. 3.63..... 3.68. 3.50. Chlorine, percent 1.21.. 1.20..... 1.05. Flash point F. 355 .l 360 355. Firepoint, F... 405 410 410. Color... Brown Brown.. Brown. Vis,S.U.V.atl00 r 147 146....-. 144. Condensate for azeotropic distillatiomper cenL. 3.1 53...... 7.7. Yield oiproduct,per 8i 67.

As evidenced by the retention oi the oil soluble compound and as indicated by the analytical determination of the sulfur content and the chlorine content it will be noted that the maximum yield of a product or excellent appearance and of desirable physical and chemical characterlstics were obtained at those temperatures where azeotropic distillation at the pressure utilized was beginning; namely, approximately at 250 F. At. temperature greatly below this value, that is. below the incipient azeotropic distillation point, a desirable degree of purification was not obtained, while at temperatures greatly above this value, the same efiects were observed insofar as refining was concerned, and in'add-= tion, the yields of product were greatly diminished.

In consideration of the results of the three sample given in Tables VII, VIIIand IX, it has mately 100" F. on either side of the incipient azeotropic distillation point of the hydrocarbon which constitutes the major constituents of the compounded oils. For lard cutting oil the range is approximately 200 F. to 400 F'.; for sulfur cutting oil, 'F. to 350 F.; and for sulfur and chlorine cutting oil, 150 F. to 350 F.

Inasmuch as the proportion of oil soluble additive or active agent to the mineral hydrocarbon is usually the most important single property of any compounded oil, the removal or de 15 such as water, low molecular weight hydrocarbons and decomposition products by distillation and that at these same temperatures, adsorption of the relatively high molecular weight impurities which consist usually of polymerization and resinlzed products is effected with a high degree of completeness. In the subsequent step of separating or filtering theadsorbent material from the substances being treated all solid particles are removed, including carbonaceou matter and dirt or grit introduced extraneously. If relatively high temperatures are employed, I have found that the Proportion of the desired oil soluble additive or active agent maintained is usually greatly diminished. It is not known whether the action is due to increased activity of the adsorbent or to decomposition of the oil soluble agent or to a combination of both of these effects. but the final result is invariably the same. It is, therefore, an important feature of my invention that I accomplish a high degree of purification of the contaminated compounded oils without injury to any of the constituents or com-- anima1 oils and waxes, which process comprises mechanically mixing and agitating the fatty substance and a solid adsorbent material in a sealed container to adsorb the high boiling point impurities, heating the mixture of the fatty substance and the solid adsorbent material in the sealed container under vacuum at a temperature substantially in the range of the incipient azeotropic distillation point of the constituents of the fatty substance being treated to distill oil! the low boiling point volatile impurities, and separating the adsorbent material with its adsorbed impurities from the fatty substance being treated to recover the latter.

2. The process for removing impurities from g a used fatty substance of the class consisting of animal oils. and waxes, which process comprises mechanically mixing and agitating the fatty substance, a solid adsorbent material and an aqueous 16 impurities from the fatty substance being treated to recover the latter.

3. The process for removing impurities from a used lard oil, which process comprises mechanically mixing and agitating the lard oil and a solid adsorbent material in a sealed container to adsorb the high boiling point impurities, heating the mixture of the lard oil and the solid adsorbent material in the sealed container under vacuum at a temperature substantially in the range of the incipient azeotropic distillation point of the constituents of the lard oil being treated to distill off the low boiling point volatile impurities, and separating the adsorbent material with its adsorbed impurities from the lard oil being treated to recover the latter.

4. The process for removing impurities from a used fatty substance of the class consisting of animal oils and waxes, which process comprises mechanically mixing and agitating the fatty substance and a solid adsorbent material in a sealed container to adsorb the high boiling point impurities, heating the mixture of the fatty substance and the solid adsorbent material in the sealed container under vacuum at a temperature in a range which extends up to substantially 100 F. as a maximum beyond the incipient azeotropic distillation point of the constituents of the fatty substance being treated to distill off the low boiling point volatile impurities, and separating the adsorbent material with its adsorbed impurities from the fatty substance being treated to recover the latter. I

5. The process for removing impurities from a oil the low boiling point volatile impurities, and

separating the adsorbent material with its ad- 6. The process for removing impurities from a used lard oil, which process comprises mechanmedium or the class consisting of water and material in the sealed container under a reduced steam in a sealed container to adsorb the high boiling point impurities, heating the mixture of the fatty substance being treated. the adsorbent material and the aqueous medium in the sealed container under vacuum at a temperature substantially in the range of the incipient azeotropic distillation point of the constituents of the fatty substance to distill off the water and the low boiling point volatile impurities. and sepaically mixing and agitating the lard oil and a solid adsorbent material in a sealed container to adsorb the high boiling point impurities, heating the mixture of the lard oil and the solid adsorbent pressure of substantially one pound per square ing point volatile impurities, and separating the rating the adsorbent material with its adsorbed adsorbent material with its adsorbed impurities from the lam oil being treated to recover the latter. 4

RUSSELL P. DUNMIRE. 

